Chapter II.
Opium and the Yellow Peril:
Anti-Chinese Public Sentiment and the Criminalization of Opium 1850 -1940
In 1914, landmark congressional legislation established the first federal effort to
control narcotics. The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act regulates and places a special tax on
opium and coca leaf along with their derivatives. Prior to the Harrison Act, highly
addictive narcotics such as cocaine and opium readily circulate, without federal
oversight, within the United States (US). In the early twentieth century, the majority of
American narcotic use stems from over the counter, non-prescription products available
in the commercial marketplace.21 Throughout the US, in retail stores and doctors’ offices
Americans can purchase patent protected consumer products, medicines, and herbal
remedies that contain highly addictive narcotics.22 Despite the reality of widespread
narcotics use, in the decades prior to the Harrison Act , the American public stigmatizes
narcotic use as a practice outside of mainstream Euro-American cultural values. Due to
racial prejudice, narcotic addiction becomes a problem that American society
increasingly associates primarily with non-white minorities. By the time of the Harrison
Act, opium abuse has an intrinsic connection to Chinese Americans.