1920
Palmer Raids, part II: on January 2 Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer ordered another round of raids by the Federal Department of Justice to arrest and deport suspected 'anarchists' many of whom were labor union activists and leaders. This time about 6,000 were rounded up, arrested and whnever possible, deported.
Baldwin-Felts guards invade Matewan, West Virginia to break up a coal miners strike. The mayor, a small boy, a miner and four guards were killed in a show-down.
John L. Lewis is elected president of the United Mine Workers of America, at the age of 40, taking control of the largest labor union in the nation.
1919
The Seattle General Strike of February 6 to February 11, 1919 by over 65,000 workers in several unions, dissatisfied after two years of World War I wage controls.
August 26, United Mine Workers' organizer Fannie Sellins, a widowed mother of four, is shot to death by coal company guards while leading strikers in Brackenridge, Pennsylvania.
September 9, A strike by 1,100 police in Boston is the first ever by public safety workers. It was broken when Governor Calvin Coolidge summoned the entire Massachusetts Guard.
The Great Steel Strike against U.S. Steel Corp. led by the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers. Starting in Chicago, it spread to 350,000 workers throughout Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia and lasted from September 1919 to January 1920. It was broken by massive use of scabs.
Palmer Raids: on November 7 Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer ordered raids by the Federal Department of Justice in 30 cities across the United States to arrest and deport suspicious immigrants (so called "alien reds") many of whom were involved in US labor unions. The raids were coordinated by a young J. Edgar Hoover, Palmer's chief investigating officer. In all, he rounded up about 10,000 and deported many as foreign agitators, anarchists, communists.
1918
Leadership of the Industrial Workers of the World sentenced to federal prison on charges of disloyalty to the United States.
1915
Joe Hill, IWW organizer and "labor's troubador" was executed by firing squad in Utah on November 19, 1915 for a robbery and murder it is most unlikely he had anything to do with.
1914
The Clayton Anti-trust Act, described by Sam Gompers as "Labor's Magna Carta", limits the use of injunctions in labor disputes and providing that picketing and other union activities are not illegal conspiracies or trusts.
Ludlow Massacre: on April 20th a small army of goons hired from the Baldwin-Felts agency backed up by the National Guard lay down a barrage of machine gun fire on a strikers' tent village at Ludlow, Colorado, killing men, women and children.
1913
The United States Department of Labor (separate from Commerce) is established by law.
1912
In Lawrence, Massachusetts the IWW leads a strike of 23,000 men, women and children to organize the Lawrence Textile Mills: The "Bread & Roses" Strike, hailed as the first successful multi-ethnic strike (see History Matters).
1911
The Triangle Waist Co. fire in New York on March 25, causes the death of 146 workers.
1910
The wives of striking miners arrested in Greensburg, Pennsylvania sing their way out of jail under the leadership of Mother Jones.
1909
"Uprising of the 20,000" female shirtwaist workers in New York State strike against sweatshop conditions.
1908
The U.S. Supreme Court struck down section 10 of the Erdman Act of 1898, which had outlawed "yellow-dog" contracts. (U.S. v. Adair)
Connecticut Supreme Court holds that a boycott by hatters' union is a restraint of trade. Union and strikers are sued.
1907
Nation's worst mining disaster at Monongah, West Virginia. 361 coal miners known dead.
1906
The IWW pioneers the Sit-Down Strike. Employees at General Electric fold their arms on the job for 65 hours.
The International Typographical Union successfully strikes for an 8-hour day.
1905
In Chicago, Eugene Debs and Big Bill Haywood combine efforts to found the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or Wobblies as they were called) to bring all American workers into "One Big Union."
1903
The Department of Labor and Commerce is created by an act of Congress, and its Secretary is made a member of the President's Cabinet.
Mary Harris "Mother" Jones leads a protest march of mill children, many of whom were victims of industrial accidents, from Philadelphia to New York.
November 14, at the AFL convention in Boston, women unionists unite to form the National Women's Trade Union League and elect Mary Morton Kehew president and Jane Addams vice-president.
1902
May 12 - Oct 23, The Great Anthracite Coal Strike; 147,000 miners strike over union recognition. Pres. Roosevelt mediated.
Big Bill Haywood leads the Western Federation of Miners (WMF) through a terrible and bloody series of conflicts spanning two years in what became known as the Colorado Labor Wars.
1898
Congress passes the Erdman Act, a more detailed version of the 1888 Railroad workers legislation, adding sections to make it illegal to fire workers for their union membership.
1894
Eugene V. Debs leads the newly formed American Railway Union in a national strike against the Pullman Company. The strike and the union were finally broken by a court injunction and the intervention of federal troops.
1893
In the Cripple Creek Strike, Colorado gold miners, represented by the Western Federation of Miners are able to negotiate a peaceful end to a pitched battle between unionists and the state militia.
1892
The Great Homestead Lockout at the Carnegie Steel Works outside Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania against the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel & Tin Workers. Carnegie directs his manager, Frick, not to renew the union contract. Frick turns mills into "Fort Frick," hires Pinkertons to protect scabs and locks out union laborers. Strikers battle arriving Pinkertons (9 strikers and 7 Pinkertons killed).
Integrated general strike of 42 unions in New Orleans, broken when Governor Foster sends in the State Militia to use military force against the strikers.
Mary Kenney O'Sullivan of the Bindery Workers is appointed the AFL's first female national organizer.
1888
The first federal labor relations law was enacted, applying to Railroad workers. It provided arbitration and Presidential boards of investigation.
1886
March, Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 200,000 workers against the Union Pacific and Missouri Pacific railroads owned by Jay Gould, one of the more flamboyant of the 'robber baron' industrialists of the day. The failure of the strike led directly to the collapse of the Knights of Labor and the formation of the American Federation of Labor.
Haymarket Tragedy: May 1, in Chicago's Haymarket Square a bomb went off in the middle of a protest rally against the killing of 4 strikers who had been on strike for the 8-hour day.
December 28, The American Federation of Labor is formed at a convention in Columbus, Ohio, representing 140,000 workers grouped in 25 national unions. Sam Gompers is elected President.
1885
Knights of Labor Strike of South West System (J. Gould): The Missouri Pacific, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas; and the Wabash.
The Foran Act bans immigration of laborers brought in under contract to break strikes.
1883
Pendleton Act established the United States Civil Service Commission, which placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the spoils or patronage system.
1882
September, First Labor Day Celebration takes place in New York City.
1881
Atlanta, Georgia: 3,000 Black women laundry workers stage one of the largest and most effective strikes in the history of the south.
1877
July 14, National Uprising of Railroad Workers cripples the nation in response to the cutting of wages for the second time in a year by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. The governor of West Virginia sends in state militia, but they refused to use force against the strikers and the governor called for federal troops. President Hayes sent federal troops from city to city. These troops suppressed strike after strike, until at last, approximately 45 days after it had started, the strike was over.
On June 21, "Rope Day" ten leaders of the Molly Maguires were hanged.
1876
Trials of the "Molly Maguires", a secret society of Irish coal miners in Pennsylvania that had been infiltrated by a Pinkerton detective, surrendered state sovereignty. A private corporation initiated the investigation through a private detective agency. A private police force arrested the alleged defenders, and private attorneys for the coal companies prosecuted them. The state provided only the courtroom and the gallows.
1875
A five-month long labor war in Pennsylvania between mostly Irish Coal Miners and the Reading Coal and Iron Company.
1874
The union label is used for the first time by the Cigar Makers International Union.
1869
The Noble Order of the Knights of Labor, a secret society, is organized in Philadelphia.
July 28, women shoemakers form the Daughters of St. Crispin, the first national union of women workers, at Lynn, Massachusetts.
1868
The first 8-hour day for federal workers takes effect.
1867
The Knights of St. Crispin was organized on March 7 to protect journeymen shoemakers against the competition of "green hands."
1866
The National Labor Union formed, the first national association of unions to succeed for any length of time.
1865
13th Amendment to the US Constitution abolishes slavery.
1860
Great shoemakers strike in New England.
1852
The Typographical Union, the first national union to last through to the present day, was formed. (now merged with Communications Workers of America).
1845
The Female Labor Reform Association is formed in Lowell, Massachusetts by Sarah Bagley and other women cotton mill workers to reduce the work day from 12 or 13 hours a day to 10, and to improve sanitation and safety in the mills where they worked.
1842
The Massachusetts State Supreme Court ruled in Commonwealth v. Hunt that labor unions were not necessarily illegal conspiracies.
1840
President Martin Van Buren signs an executive order establishing a 10-hour workday without a decrease in pay.
1837
Andrew Jackson declares a 10-hour workday in Philadelphia Navy Yard.
1835
General strike in Philadelphia for 10 hour day.
1831
February, 1600 women members of the United Tailoresses of New York, strike for "a just price for our labor."
1828
First workingmen's parties formed to try to elect candidates favoring the 10-hour day, free public education, and ending the practice of imprisoning people in debt.
1827
In Philadelphia, several unions of skilled craftsmen combined to form the first trade association.
1825
The first union for women only formed: The United Tailoresses of New York.
1824
Women workers strike for the first time, in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. 102 women workers strike in support of brother weavers protesting the simultaneous reduction in wages and extension of the workday.
1814
The invention of the power loom makes weaving a factory occupation.
1806
Employers start taking labor groups to court for "criminal conspiracies in constraint of trade". The shoemakers, found guilty and fined, went bankrupt and disbanded.
Members of the Philadelphia Journeyman Cordwainers were tried for criminal conspiracy after a strike for higher wages.
1799
The Philadelphia shoemakers in a "sympathy strike" to support a local toolmakers' strike.
1794
The Philadelphia shoemakers reorganized as the Federal Society of Journeymen Cordwainers.
The Typographical Society was formed by printers in New York City.
1792
The first local craft union formed for collective bargaining was organized by shoemakers in Philadelphia.
1791
First Building Trades Strike: Philadelphia carpenters strike for a 10-hour day and overtime pay.
1790
First textile mill, built in Pawtucket, RI, is staffed entirely by children under the age of 12.
1786
Philadelphia printers strike.
1778
New York printers combine temporarily to ask for a wage increase, disband after winning it.
1776
Declaration of Independence signed in Carpenter's Hall.
1775
A strike in Boston harbor, more commonly known as the "Boston Tea Party." Local citizens dressed as Indians throw British tea overboard.
1770
Boston Massacre set off by a conflict between rope workers and British soldiers.
1768
New York tailors strike to protest a wage cut.
1765
The first society of working women, the Daughters of Liberty, is organized as an auxiliary of the Sons of Liberty, a workingman's association.
1741
New York bakers quit work to protest local government setting the price of bread-possibly the first work stoppage in America.
1648
Shoemakers and coopers (barrel-makers) guilds organize in Boston.
http://clear.uhwo.hawaii.edu/Timeline-US.html