Kamala Trump
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The beginning of fractional reserve lending. Fiat currency was the next major innovation in mass crime.
http://www.financialoutrage.org.uk/returning_the_money_to_the_people.htm
RETURNING THE MONEY TO THE PEOPLE’
by Ellen Brown
"Is it not obvious that there are serious defects in our banking system and our tax system that deprive most of us of fundamental rights and bestow enormous privileges on others? How many riots must we endure? How many prisons must we build? How many of our rights must we lose? How many of our young people must be sent away to fight in foreign wars before we decide that enough is enough?"
Robert de Fremery - (1916 – 2000)
One of the most remarkable admissions by a banker concerning the mysteries of his profession was made by Sir Josiah Stamp, president of the Bank of England and the second richest man in Britain in the 1920’s. Speaking at the University of Texas in 1927, he revealed:
"The modern banking system manufactures money out of nothing. The process is perhaps the most astounding piece of sleight of hand that was every invented. Banking was conceived in inequity and born in sin …. Bankers own the earth. Take it away from them but leave them the power to create money, and with a flick of a pen, they will create enough money to buy it back again …. Take this great power away from them and all great fortunes like mine will disappear, for then this would be a better and happier world to live in …. But if you want to continue to be the slaves of bankers and pay the cost of your own slavery, then let bankers continue to create money and control credit."
The sleight of hand by which banks create money dates to the seventeenth century, when paper money was devised by European goldsmiths. Gold and silver coins, the standard currency in European trade, were hard to transport in bulk and could be stolen if not kept under lock and key. Many people therefore deposited their gold with the goldsmiths, who had the strongest safes in town. The goldsmiths issued convenient paper receipts that could be traded in place of the bulkier gold they represented. These paper receipts were also used when people who needed gold came to the goldsmiths for loans.
The mischief began when the goldsmiths noticed that only about 10 to 20 percent of their receipts came back to be redeemed in gold at any one time. The goldsmiths could safely ‘lend’ the gold in their strongboxes at interest several times over, as long as they kept 10 to 20 percent of the value of their outstanding loans in gold to meet the demand. They thus created ‘paper money’ (receipts for loans of gold) worth several times the gold they actually held. They typically issued notes and made loans in amounts that were four to five times their actual supply of gold. The townspeople wound up owing the goldsmiths four or five sacks of gold for every sack the goldsmiths had on deposit, gold the goldsmiths did not actually have title to and could not legally lend at all.
If the goldsmiths were careful not to overextend this ‘credit’, they could thus become quite wealthy without producing anything of value themselves. Since more gold was owed than the townspeople as a whole possessed, the wealth of the town and eventually of the country was siphoned into the vaults of these goldsmiths-turned-bankers, as the people fell progressively into their debt. As long as the bankers kept lending, the money supply would expand and the economy would be in a boom cycle. But when the credit bubble got too large, the bankers would raise interest rates and people who could not afford the new rates would default on their loans or would be unable to take out new ones. Their property would then revert to the banks, and the cycle would start again.
If a farmer had sold the same cow to five people at one time and pocketed the money, he would quickly have been jailed for fraud. But the goldsmiths had devised a system in which they traded, not things of value, but paper receipts for them. The shell game became know as ‘fractional reserve’ banking because gold held in reserve was a mere fraction of the banknotes it supported.
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