Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology that emerged in early 20th-century Europe, prioritizing the nation or race above the individual. It is defined by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society. Key features include extreme nationalism, militarism, and belief in natural social hierarchy.
Core Characteristics of Right-Wing Fascism
Ultranationalsim: Extreme devotion to the nation, often emphasizing a mythic past, cultural purity, and the "othering" of minorities.
Authoritarianism & Leadership Principle: Rejection of liberal democracy in favor of a dictatorship or a single, supreme leader (e.g., Mussolini, Hitler).
Anti-Communism/Anti-Liberalism: Strong opposition to Marxist socialism, communism, and democratic pluralism.
Militarism: The glorification of military force, violence, and war as tools for national rejuvenation.
State Control: Intense regulation of society and the economy, often aligning with corporate interests while suppressing labor movements.
Social Hierarchy: The belief that inequality is natural and that a strict, traditional hierarchy (often including specific gender roles) should be enforced.
Historical and Contemporary Examples
Italy (1922–1943): Under Benito Mussolini, the first movement to adopt the name, featuring blackshirt violence and Roman imagery.
Germany (1933–1945): The Nazi party under Adolf Hitler, which combined fascism with virulent racism and genocide.
Spain (1939–1975): The authoritarian regime of Francisco Franco.
Contemporary Far-Right Movements: Modern movements may not always fit the 1930s model exactly but often share characteristics like strong anti-immigrant sentiment, nationalism, and sometimes, the adoption of conspiracy theories.
Fascism is considered a "revolutionary" form of the far-right that seeks to completely restructure society, often using conservative rhetoric regarding traditional values to gain support.
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