We guaranteed we would when they gave up their nuclear arsenal.
No,
NATO did not guarantee to protect Ukraine in exchange for giving up its nuclear arsenal.
Ukraine inherited the world's third-largest nuclear stockpile after the Soviet Union's collapse but agreed to denuclearize under the
1994 Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances. This political agreement, signed by Ukraine, Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom (with similar assurances from France and China separately), provided assurances in return for Ukraine joining the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) as a non-nuclear state.
Key Points of the Budapest Memorandum
The memorandum included:
- Respect for Ukraine's independence, sovereignty, and existing borders.
- Refraining from the threat or use of force against Ukraine (except in self-defense or per the UN Charter).
- Refraining from economic coercion.
- Seeking UN Security Council action if Ukraine faced aggression involving nuclear weapons.
- Consultations if issues arose regarding these commitments.
It deliberately used
"assurances" rather than
"guarantees", as the latter would imply a binding military commitment similar to NATO's Article 5 collective defense obligation. U.S. negotiators explicitly distinguished this to avoid any military intervention requirement.
NATO's Role
- NATO was not a signatory to the Budapest Memorandum and made no promises related to it.
- The agreement was an individual commitment by the signatories (primarily the U.S., UK, and Russia), not a NATO collective one.
- Ukraine developed partnerships with NATO later (e.g., Partnership for Peace in 1994 and a distinctive partnership in 1997), but no membership or defense pledge was offered in exchange for denuclearization.
Common Misconceptions
Claims that NATO promised protection often confuse the bilateral/multilateral assurances in the memorandum with a NATO guarantee, or stem from broader post-Cold War discussions about European security. However, reliable sources, including the memorandum's text and analyses from the Arms Control Association, Brookings Institution, and Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation, confirm no such NATO commitment existed.
Russia violated the memorandum through its actions in Crimea (2014) and the full-scale invasion (2022), but this breach does not retroactively create a NATO obligation from 1994. Ukraine has since argued that effective security requires NATO membership, viewing the memorandum's assurances as insufficient.
grok