Fossil fuels for now and Nuclear Power in the energy of the future. Perhaps SMRs?
Fusion research is coming on leaps and bounds, I'm very optimistic about it. Same story with SMRs which are ideal for places like Africa which haven't a developed infrastructure on much of the continent.
Small modular reactors – designing nuclear energy for African landscapes
Nuclear power is not new. It has been in operation for over half a century, with an excellent record for providing reliable baseload electricity.
Not only has the electricity turned out to be reliable, but it is also the safest, greenest and most inexpensive electricity currently available to mankind. The proof exists. But to judge from much of the barrage of anti-nuclear propaganda, which has been projected by anti-nuclear activists, people can be forgiven for doubting such claims. Let us consider the infamous Fukushima nuclear power incident in Japan. Not one single person was killed or injured by nuclear radiation at Fukushima. Now read that again. Not one single person!
Nuclear power stations run for many years. Over their lifetime the electricity produced is inexpensive. The concept of “cost” can only be judged over a life cycle, and not at initiation.
Ask the question: does a brand new Boeing or Airbus passenger aircraft cost a lot of money? It is wrong to look at the purchase price on the day of delivery. You need to examine the situation at the end of the life of the aircraft, when you can then count the total passengers carried, operating costs, and then work out its profitability to the air carrier, and hence the actual operational “cost”. Don’t confuse the concepts of “purchase price” and “cost”. They are very different. Anti-nuclear activists go out of their way to induce public confusion with respect to this important distinction.
Nuclear power is highly profitable. Both airlines and nuclear power operators know how to calculate these cost figures very accurately. That is why both are confident in making a profit on new investments in their respective fields of expertise.
Over the past half-century, nuclear power has proven itself to have been highly reliable and profitable. It will be even more reliable and more profitable in the future. Many people do not seem to realise that nuclear technology has advanced dramatically during recent decades. Modern nuclear reactors are far more advanced now than ever before. Modern fabrication techniques, modern electronic systems, modern metal alloys, modern computer control, modern internet-based operating surveillance, modern robotics…the list goes on. All this means that we now have “space-age” nuclear reactors in comparison to those built in the previous century.
As nuclear reactors developed over the first half-century of nuclear power, they became larger and were all based on having a large body of water available, such as the ocean or a major lake.
But this design concept had a built-in self-limiting barrier. They needed the water! However, many countries do not have a coastline. Many don’t even have major lakes. So the customer base was limited.
Big and small nuclear
Africa is very large. It is larger than the US, Europe, China, India and Japan added together. So, even some African countries which do have an ocean coast, also have major areas very far from the ocean which needs to be electrified. South Africa is an example.
South Africa is the same size as the whole of Western Europe. The distance from South Africa’s inland capital, Pretoria, to Cape Town is the same as the distance from Rome to London. The world’s most southerly nuclear power station, Koeberg, is situated on the southern coast of South Africa, from where it serves the southern regions. But major mining areas are 1,000km inland, in arid areas with no large water bodies. South Africa’s vast coal deposits and coal-fired power stations are clustered in the far northeast of the country, which consequently requires very long transmission lines to serve the country.
The nuclear power from Koeberg is South Africa’s cheapest and most reliable electricity.
So during the last decade of the 20th Century, South African nuclear technologists decided to investigate building a small nuclear reactor that would not need water cooling. Its purpose was to serve large mining and industrial complexes and arid inland regions.
There certainly is still a need for large nuclear power plants, but there is also a desperate need for much smaller ones too.
The initial design criteria for a new small reactor were that it should be easy to build and easy to add more reactors to an existing complex. So the idea of pursuing a “modular” concept became a cornerstone of design. Another very important design constraint was that the electricity produced should not be more expensive than the current selling price of South Africa’s coal-fired electricity.
The reactor had to be gas-cooled. As such, Helium gas was chosen.
Fuel had to be easy to load into the reactor and easy to transport, so graphite-based fuel balls, as large as a cricket ball were chosen. The term “pebbles” was adopted for the fuel.
So was born the South African PBMR Project (Pebble Bed Modular Reactor).
Development of Small Modular Reactors in South Africa
This project developed steadily to the point at which the total staff complement was some 2,000 people. The project advanced such that by 2008 the PBMR team was ready to construct the First Of A Kind (FOAK) prototype. The site had been selected and approved and all was ready for the starter’s pistol to fire.
Then fate intervened. The world 2008 financial crisis was initiated in the US as a result of a foolish house mortgage policy. This cascaded around the world. Big international banks which had become involved in the financing deals for the PBMR suddenly became bankrupt or unable to honour their pledges to the PBMR. At the same time, South Africa had an unexpected change in government, with a new president and cabinet taking office. A number of major projects were then put on hold, the PBMR being one of them. Nuclear technologists thought that this “hold” would last for a few months, but in fact, it turned out to be years.
community.
Fortunately, South Africa has an energy minister who appreciates the reality of providing a reliable supply of baseload electricity to the country. He has launched a program to build 2,500 megawatts of new nuclear power, to add to the existing nuclear power base. He has specifically stated his support for Small Modular Reactors to be included.
So the government attitude towards the development and deployment of Small Modular Reactors in South Africa is positive. In addition, about a dozen other African countries have declared their intention of following a nuclear power path in the future. Some have already set up national nuclear bodies to advance their plans.
Read more:
https://www.esi-africa.com/industry...igning-nuclear-energy-for-african-landscapes/