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Flesh Eating Street Drug Surfaces In Missouri:
Doctors say a flesh-eating homemade drug that was developed in Russia and the Ukraine has made its way to Missouri.
Krokodil is made with gasoline, paint thinner, hydrochloric acid, codeine and other chemicals and it produces a high similar to heroin. Doctors in St. Louis began treating a man last December who had been injecting the drug for eight months before he was brought to St. Mary's Health Center in Richmond Heights.
Known as a "zombie drug" in Russia, over 100,000 people have been reported to have shot up Krokodil since 2011. Some people in bigger cities told authorities they thought they were buying heroin and ended up with the flesh eating drug that literally makes a users skin take on a crocodile like appearance before it rots off.
Doctors in Arizona, Ohio, Illinois and Oklahoma have reported similar incidents but detecting the drug is difficult at this time because there is no diagnostic test for it.
Authorities say they haven't seen or heard of the drug making an appearance yet in Stone County.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desomorphine
Desomorphine (dihydrodesoxymorphine, Permonid, street name krokodil) is a derivative from morphine (an opioid) with powerful, fast-acting sedative and analgesic effects. Patented in 1932, it is around 8–10 times more potent than morphine. It was used in Switzerland under the brand name Permonid and was described as having a fast onset and a short duration of action, with relatively little nausea or respiratory depression compared to equivalent doses of morphine.
Desomorphine is derived from morphine where the 6-hydroxyl group and the 7,8 double bond have been reduced. The traditional synthesis of desomorphine starts from α-chlorocodide, which is itself obtained by reacting thionyl chloride with codeine. By catalytic reduction, α-chlorocodide gives dihydrodesoxycodeine, which yields desomorphine on demethylation.
Krokodil
Desomorphine attracted international attention in 2010 in Russia due to an increase in clandestine production, presumably due to its relatively simple synthesis from codeine which has been relatively easily available over the counter. Reports of its use there date back to 2003 when Russia started a major crackdown on heroin production and trafficking. The drug is easily made from codeine which can be derived from cough syrup, iodine from OTC medications and red phosphorus from match tips, in a process similar to the manufacture of methamphetamine from pseudoephedrine. Like methamphetamine, desomorphine made this way is often highly impure and is contaminated with various toxic and corrosive byproducts. Various other common products like gasoline may be substituted as part of the production. The street name in Russia for homemade desomorphine is krokodil (Russian: крокодил, crocodile). The name derives from the notoriously severe tissue damage incurred by chronic users and the precursor α-chlorocodide. Due to difficulties in procuring heroin, combined with easy and cheap access to over-the-counter pharmacy products containing codeine in Russia, use of krokodil has increased. It has been estimated that around 100,000 people use krokodil in Russia and around 20,000 in Ukraine. Cases in the US have been reported with a few stating they learned how to craft the drug themselves, and most of the cases the users stating they thought they had procured heroin. The Drug Enforcement Agency has been looking into the cases but has not confirmed any although they expect that some will soon be registered.
Effects
The high associated with krokodil is akin to that of heroin, but lasts a much shorter period. While the effects of heroin use can last four to eight hours, the effects of krokodil do not usually extend past one and a half hours, with the symptoms of withdrawal setting in soon after. Krokodil takes roughly 30 minutes to an hour to prepare with over-the-counter ingredients in a kitchen.
Since the homemade mix is routinely injected immediately with little or no further purification, krokodil has become notorious for producing severe tissue damage, phlebitis and gangrene, sometimes requiring limb amputation in long-term users. Although there are not many addicts, their life expectancies are said to be as low as two years due to injecting drug users' high susceptibility to infections and gangrene.
Abuse of homemade desomorphine was first reported in middle and eastern Siberia in 2002, but has since spread throughout Russia and the neighboring former Soviet republics. One death in Poland in December 2011 was also believed to be caused by krokodil use, and its use has been confirmed among Russian expatriate communities in a number of other European countries.
Possibly the first discovery of use of the drug in the United States was reported by the Banner Poison Control Center in Phoenix, Arizona, in September 2013. In October 2013, numerous cases of krokodil-related hospitalizations were reported in Joliet, Illinois. The drug was reported to have "flesh-eating" properties, causing open wounds around the injection site. In November 2013, doctors published a paper in the American Journal of Medicine, giving details of how they treated a drug addict in December 2012 who had been using krokodil in St Louis, Missouri for eight months. This publication has since been temporarily removed from the American Journal of Medicine (http://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(13)00879-6/pdf).
Doctors say a flesh-eating homemade drug that was developed in Russia and the Ukraine has made its way to Missouri.
Krokodil is made with gasoline, paint thinner, hydrochloric acid, codeine and other chemicals and it produces a high similar to heroin. Doctors in St. Louis began treating a man last December who had been injecting the drug for eight months before he was brought to St. Mary's Health Center in Richmond Heights.
Known as a "zombie drug" in Russia, over 100,000 people have been reported to have shot up Krokodil since 2011. Some people in bigger cities told authorities they thought they were buying heroin and ended up with the flesh eating drug that literally makes a users skin take on a crocodile like appearance before it rots off.
Doctors in Arizona, Ohio, Illinois and Oklahoma have reported similar incidents but detecting the drug is difficult at this time because there is no diagnostic test for it.
Authorities say they haven't seen or heard of the drug making an appearance yet in Stone County.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desomorphine
Desomorphine (dihydrodesoxymorphine, Permonid, street name krokodil) is a derivative from morphine (an opioid) with powerful, fast-acting sedative and analgesic effects. Patented in 1932, it is around 8–10 times more potent than morphine. It was used in Switzerland under the brand name Permonid and was described as having a fast onset and a short duration of action, with relatively little nausea or respiratory depression compared to equivalent doses of morphine.
Desomorphine is derived from morphine where the 6-hydroxyl group and the 7,8 double bond have been reduced. The traditional synthesis of desomorphine starts from α-chlorocodide, which is itself obtained by reacting thionyl chloride with codeine. By catalytic reduction, α-chlorocodide gives dihydrodesoxycodeine, which yields desomorphine on demethylation.
Krokodil
Desomorphine attracted international attention in 2010 in Russia due to an increase in clandestine production, presumably due to its relatively simple synthesis from codeine which has been relatively easily available over the counter. Reports of its use there date back to 2003 when Russia started a major crackdown on heroin production and trafficking. The drug is easily made from codeine which can be derived from cough syrup, iodine from OTC medications and red phosphorus from match tips, in a process similar to the manufacture of methamphetamine from pseudoephedrine. Like methamphetamine, desomorphine made this way is often highly impure and is contaminated with various toxic and corrosive byproducts. Various other common products like gasoline may be substituted as part of the production. The street name in Russia for homemade desomorphine is krokodil (Russian: крокодил, crocodile). The name derives from the notoriously severe tissue damage incurred by chronic users and the precursor α-chlorocodide. Due to difficulties in procuring heroin, combined with easy and cheap access to over-the-counter pharmacy products containing codeine in Russia, use of krokodil has increased. It has been estimated that around 100,000 people use krokodil in Russia and around 20,000 in Ukraine. Cases in the US have been reported with a few stating they learned how to craft the drug themselves, and most of the cases the users stating they thought they had procured heroin. The Drug Enforcement Agency has been looking into the cases but has not confirmed any although they expect that some will soon be registered.
Effects
The high associated with krokodil is akin to that of heroin, but lasts a much shorter period. While the effects of heroin use can last four to eight hours, the effects of krokodil do not usually extend past one and a half hours, with the symptoms of withdrawal setting in soon after. Krokodil takes roughly 30 minutes to an hour to prepare with over-the-counter ingredients in a kitchen.
Since the homemade mix is routinely injected immediately with little or no further purification, krokodil has become notorious for producing severe tissue damage, phlebitis and gangrene, sometimes requiring limb amputation in long-term users. Although there are not many addicts, their life expectancies are said to be as low as two years due to injecting drug users' high susceptibility to infections and gangrene.
Abuse of homemade desomorphine was first reported in middle and eastern Siberia in 2002, but has since spread throughout Russia and the neighboring former Soviet republics. One death in Poland in December 2011 was also believed to be caused by krokodil use, and its use has been confirmed among Russian expatriate communities in a number of other European countries.
Possibly the first discovery of use of the drug in the United States was reported by the Banner Poison Control Center in Phoenix, Arizona, in September 2013. In October 2013, numerous cases of krokodil-related hospitalizations were reported in Joliet, Illinois. The drug was reported to have "flesh-eating" properties, causing open wounds around the injection site. In November 2013, doctors published a paper in the American Journal of Medicine, giving details of how they treated a drug addict in December 2012 who had been using krokodil in St Louis, Missouri for eight months. This publication has since been temporarily removed from the American Journal of Medicine (http://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(13)00879-6/pdf).
