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How Trump Used 10 Emergency Declarations to Justify Hundreds of Actions
In his seven months back in office, President Trump has declared nine national emergencies, plus a “crime emergency” in Washington. Those emergency declarations have been used to justify hundreds of actions — including immigration measures, sweeping tariffs and energy deregulation — that would typically require congressional approval or lengthy regulatory review, according to a New York Times analysis of presidential documents.
The chart below shows every emergency declaration and the actions that flowed from each. Hover or tap on the dots to see details.
Southern border emergency
Used to militarize the southern border and bolster immigration enforcement
Designating cartels as terrorists
Used to direct federal officials to prepare for the possibility of invoking the Alien Enemies Act
National energy emergency
Used to expedite mining and energy production on federal lands
Drugs from Canada
Used to impose tariffs on Canada
Drugs from China
Used to impose tariffs on China
Drugs from Mexico
Used to impose tariffs on Mexico
International Criminal Court
Used to impose sanctions on the I.C.C. and its members
Trade imbalance and tariffs
Used to impose tariffs on U.S. trading partners across the world
Threats from Brazil
Used to impose additional tariffs on Brazil
Crime in Washington, D.C.
Used to federalize the Washington police force
Note: Each document shown as a dot contains at least one action justified by the emergency, and some contain several or many actions (for instance, tariffs imposed on dozens of countries at once).
All presidents have the authority under the National Emergencies Act, a post-Watergate law, to declare a national emergency to enable the federal government to respond quickly to a crisis. But Mr. Trump has already invoked this power much more frequently than his predecessors and, experts say, for situations that do not qualify as true emergencies.
Previous emergency declarations have been made over events like the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 and the Sept. 11 attacks in 2001, as well as to issue sanctions on countries like South Africa during apartheid in 1985 and North Korea in 2008.
Mr. Trump’s use of emergency powers in this term has far outpaced what is typical. On average — between Ronald Reagan’s inauguration in January 1981 and the start of Mr. Trump’s second term this year — presidents declared about seven national emergencies per four-year term, according to a Times analysis of data from the Brennan Center for Justice, a nonpartisan think tank focused on democracy. Mr. Trump declared that many in his first month back in office.
Immigration emergencies
Southern border emergency
Designating cartels as terrorists
On the first day of his second term, Mr. Trump declared two national emergencies related to immigration.
Just as he did during his first term, Mr. Trump claimed that an “invasion” of “illegal aliens” constituted a national emergency along the U.S.-Mexico border. This move allowed him to unilaterally unlock federal funding for border wall construction and to empower the military to support the Border Patrol.
In a separate order, he used the border emergency to give the military specific responsibility for immigration enforcement. A few months later, he issued another directive, turning a narrow strip of federal border land along the Mexican border in California, Arizona and New Mexico into a military installation under the jurisdiction of the Pentagon.
Mr. Trump’s second immigration-related national emergency declaration called for a crackdown on major drug cartels. In it, he directed the State Department to start labeling drug cartels as foreign terrorist organizations, saying they “constitute a national security threat beyond that posed by traditional organized crime” and that the United States would “ensure the total elimination” of the groups.
This month, The Times reported that Mr. Trump had secretly signed a directive to the Pentagon to begin using military force against certain Latin American drug cartels that had been deemed terrorist organizations.
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The president has declared 10 emergencies since returning to office, far outpacing what is typical. He has used them to justify hundreds of actions.
www.nytimes.com